Riesgo de sangrado gastrointestinal por uso de anticoagulantes directos orales: ¿cuál es más seguro?

Risk of gastrointestinal bleeding with the use of direct oral anticoagulants: which is safer?

Contenido principal del artículo

Resumen

Los anticoagulantes directos orales fueron agentes que cambiaron radicalmente la estrategia de anticoagulación, sobre todo en el manejo del riesgo cardiovascular e incidencia de eventos tromboembólicos. No obstante, de acuerdo a su mecanismo de acción, era imperativo el riesgo de sangrado como evento adverso. El sangrado gastrointestinal es una de las localizaciones más frecuentes asociadas a estos eventos, el cual, de acuerdo al estado del paciente, puede comprometer el estado hemodinámico, endocrino y funcional del paciente. Por lo tanto, esta es una condición que acarrea elevados costos en salud, afecta la calidad de vida del paciente y es un potencial desencadenante de morbilidad y mortalidad. Distintos factores de riesgo pueden contribuir al incremento del riesgo de sangrado, y es un reto sopesar la relación beneficio-riesgo y costo-efectividad. Existen brechas respecto a los perfiles de seguridad y eficacia en la actualidad, puesto que estudios recientes han encontrado variabilidad del rendimiento de estos medicamentos, considerando algunos análisis por subgrupos. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión consiste en sintetizar evidencia sobre los perfiles de eficacia y seguridad de los anticoagulantes directos orales, en pacientes con antecedente o no de sangrado gastrointestinal, y ciertos subgrupos, quienes requieren de manera obligatoria esta terapia. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, EBSCO y MEDLINE. Revisiones recientes sobre este tema, han descrito varios factores que pueden influir sobre el riesgo de sangrado gastrointestinal con el uso de anticoagulantes directos orales, algunos modificables, otros no modificables, los cuales deben tenerse en cuenta en la práctica clínica, como lo son: edad avanzada (> 75 años), elevadas dosis de anticoagulación, uso concomitante de esteroides, antiagregantes plaquetarios y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, antecedente de sangrado gastrointestinal, etnia, y disminución de la función renal, entre otros. Y a pesar que la evidencia es heterogénea, y aunque parece ser que los anticoagulantes directos orales demuestran ser superiores a la Warfarina, existen algunos que revelan un perfil de seguridad y eficacia mejor que otros. Parece ser que Apixaban en dosis de 5 mg dos veces al día es el agente farmacológico de este grupo más seguro, mientras que Rivaroxaban es el agente que exhibe mayor riesgo de sangrado gastrointestinal. Estos resultados, son similares tanto de manera general, como en pacientes con fibrilación auricular, donde es más difícil sopesar la relación beneficio-riesgo.

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Detalles del artículo

Biografía del autor/a (VER)

Ivan David Lozada Martinez, Universidad de Cartagena

Grupo Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Quirúrgicas, Capitulo Futuros Cirujanos, Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía, Bogotá, Colombia

Luis Carlos Solano Díaz, Universidad de Santander

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombiaia

Marcela Barbosa Pérez, Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia

Víctor Andrés Rueda Oviedo, Universidad de Santander

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

Brainerd Lenin Caicedo Moncada, Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia

Gustavo Andrés Diaz Cruz, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia

Adriana cristina Ceballos Espitia, Universidad Industrial de Santander

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

David Esteban Diaz Gómez, Universidad del Quindio

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia

Daiana Andrea Rojas Ramírez , Universidad de Manizales

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia

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